El desarrollo de la identidad étnica a través del mantenimiento de la lengua de herencia / The development of ethnic identity through the maintenance of the heritage language

Objetivo: explorar mediante una revisión sistemática de la evidencia disponible en la literatura publicada qué factores se han mostrado en investigaciones realizadas que puedan influir en la decisión tomada por inmigrantes de segunda generación menores de 18 años sobre el mantenimiento de la lengua de herencia. Asimismo, registrar cuál es la relación encontrada entre el desarrollo de la identidad étnica y el mantenimiento de la lengua de herencia en dichos miembros de una comunidad diáspora. Material y métodos: mediante una revisión sistemática con búsqueda de bibliografía en la base de datos ProQuest en idiomas inglés y español se seleccionaron 128 artículos, de los cuales se excluyeron 94 por población inadecuada o distinta pregunta de investigación y 20 tras la revisión completa del texto. Tras estos pasos, resultaron 14 artículos para el análisis cualitativo. Resultados: entre los factores que se han observado en la literatura publicada que muestran una relación de influencia positiva con el mantenimiento de la lengua de herencia destacan las actitudes y creencias hacia la lengua, el dominio lingüístico, el estatus de la lengua de herencia y la presencia de una comunidad diáspora; mientras que no se ha encontrado consenso acerca de la influencia de las características culturales de cada grupo étnico. En cuanto a la formación de la identidad de estos inmigrantes de segunda generación, se encuentra que estos individuos forman una identidad híbrida. Conclusiones: se observa que el mantenimiento de la lengua de herencia podría resultar un factor beneficioso para el desarrollo de la identidad étnica, sin embargo, no constituye un factor suficiente en sí mismo para asegurar una identidad étnica positiva. Se deben tener en cuenta otros factores que afectan en dicha decisión tomada por los sujetos de estudio..(AU)

Temporal acoustic properties of the sibilant fricative /s/ for the differential diagnosis of dysarthria and apraxia of speech in Spanish speakers.

Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech (AoS) are motor speech disorders in which neurological lesions differentially affect motor control, possibly leading to noticeable differences in articulation and consequently sound production. Among the sounds requiring greater motor capacity because of its articulatory complexity is the voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative /s/. The aim of this study was to identify acoustic variables able to distinguish between dysarthria and AoS, and between these disorders and normal speech in Spanish speakers. The production of this fricative was acoustically examined in 28 individuals with motor neurological disorders (20 with dysarthria, 8 with AoS) and in 28 neurologically healthy persons. Participants repeated 12 monosyllabic words containing the fricative plus one of the five Spanish vowels. The variables measured were absolute durations of the fricative, vowel, and fricative+vowel sequence, along with the vowel-to-fricative duration ratio. Findings indicate that duration of the fricative can distinguish between controls and speakers with dysarthria, but not between controls and speakers with AoS. Measures related to vowel duration served to distinguish between speakers with dysarthria and speakers with AoS and between each of them and controls. Further, speakers with dysarthria and those with AoS differed from each other and from controls in terms of articulatory variability; speakers with dysarthria showing most variability. In the latter participants, articulatory variability was higher for unrounded segments, vowels and fricatives, while in speakers with AoS this variability was higher for rounded segments. These observations are discussed within a framework of motor control models.

Descriptive discourse in fluent aphasia: The predictive role of attention, phonology, lexical retrieval and semantics.

AIMS: To study the relationship between cognitive and linguistic skills (as measured through standardized tasks) over spontaneous speech elicited during a picture description task. METHODS & PROCEDURES: 21 controls and 19 people with fluent aphasia matched by age and sex were evaluated using transcripts made from a picture description task coded using the CHAT format and analyzed using Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN). Indices obtained from the speech samples contained measures of lexical quantity and diversity, morphosyntactic complexity, informativeness, and speech fluency, along with different kinds of speech errors. We studied their correlations with attentional measures from Conners' Continuous Performance Test and with standardized measures of naming, pseudoword repetition and semantic non-verbal association. We further used stepwise linear regression to analyze the predictive value of standardized linguistic and cognitive skills over discursive indices. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Contrary to our initial hypothesis, there were no significant correlations between attentional scores and discourse variables in aphasic participants. Moreover, semantic association, along with naming, was the measure more related with discourse performance in people with fluent aphasia, but cognitive and linguistic standardized measures had overall little predictive power on most discourse indices. In the control group, there was a certain association of naming skills and attentional reaction time with discourse variables, but their predictive power was also low. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The current results do not support a strong relationship between basic attentional skills and performance in descriptive discourse in fluent aphasia. Although some of the standardized tasks seem to bear some relationship with spontaneous speech, there is a high amount of interindividual variability in discourse that is not captured by classical cognitive tasks routinely used in assessment. Further work on the determinants of discourse performance in aphasia and on the clinical application of discourse analysis is warranted.

Allocation and funding of Speech and Language Therapy for children with Developmental Language Disorders across Europe and beyond.

BACKGROUND: Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have a significant deficit in spoken language ability which affects their communication skills, education, mental health, employment and social inclusion. AIM: The present study reports findings from a survey by EU network COST ACTION 1406 and aims to explore differences in service delivery and funding of SLT services for children with DLD across Europe and beyond. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The survey was completed by 5024 European professionals. COST countries were grouped into Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Mediterranean, Central/Eastern and Non-European categories. The use of direct, indirect and mixed interventions, and their relationship to funding available (public, private or mixed) were considered for further analysis. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The results revealed that for direct therapy, there were more cases than expected receiving private funding. For indirect therapy, fewer than expected received private and more than expected public funding. For mixed therapy, fewer cases than expected received private funding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The results implies that other factors than evidence-based practices, practitioners experience, and patient preferences, drive choices in therapy. More research is needed to gain a better understanding of factors affecting the choice of therapy.

Spontaneous verbal repetition in toddler-adult conversations: a longitudinal study with Spanish-speaking two- year-olds.

The role of children's verbal repetition of parents' utterances on vocabulary growth has been well documented (Masur, 1999). Nevertheless, few studies have analyzed adults' and children's spontaneous verbal repetition around the second birthday distinguishing between the types of repetition. We analyzed longitudinally Spanish-speaking parent-child dyads during spontaneous interaction at 21, 24 and 30 months. Linguistic level was measured using the Spanish version of the MacArthur CDI (López-Ornat et al., 2005). Children's and adults' repetitions are about 17% of the speech. Children repeated adults' utterances in a reduced manner whereas adults produced more extended repetitions. Adults' rate of repetition predicted children's linguistic level at 30 months. Children's rate of repetition did not predict linguistic level. These results suggest that parents adapt their speech to children's communicative abilities. Since children's rate of repetition did not predict linguistic level, we suggest that verbal imitation plays an indirect and complex role in communicative development.

Assessment of Oral Skills in Adolescents.

There is broad consensus on the need to foster oral skills in middle school due to their inherent importance and because they serve as a tool for learning and acquiring other competences. In order to facilitate the assessment of communicative competence, we hereby propose a model which establishes five key dimensions for effective oral communication: interaction management; multimodality and prosody; textual coherence and cohesion; argumentative strategies; and lexicon and terminology. Based on this model, we developed indicators to measure the proposed dimensions, thus generating a self-report tool to assess oral communication in middle school. Following an initial study conducted with 168 students (mean age = 12.47 years, SD = 0.41), we selected 22 items with the highest discriminant power, while in a second study carried out with a sample of 960 students (mean age 14.11 years, SD = 0.97), we obtained evidence concerning factorial validity and the relationships between oral skills, emotional intelligence and metacognitive strategies related to metacomprehension. We concluded that the proposed model and its derived measure constitute an instrument with good psychometric properties for a reliable and valid assessment of students' oral competence in middle school.

RETRACTED: Allocation and funding of Speech and Language Therapy for children with Developmental Language Disorders across Europe and beyond.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of Authors and Editor-in-Chief. Whilst conducting further analyses for a companion paper in June 2021 using the survey data reported in this study, it came to the authors' attention that unfortunately there were errors in the data used in the analyses for this paper. The authors believe this to be either human error in data entry or coding or a technical error whilst recoding a variable. They therefore reran their analyses with the correct data for the paper to understand if and how the results differed from those published, and they did indeed change the findings. As soon as this came to the authors' attention (July 2021), they contacted the Editorial office. All authors on the paper are in agreement with this retraction. A new revised article with the correct data, analysis and results is now available: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104139.

Este volumen monográfico (special issue) está dedicado a la evaluación y la intervención logopédica con familias de origen cultural y lingüísticamente diverso... [editorial] / No disponible

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Competencias profesionales para el trabajo con población multilingüe y multicultural en España: creencias, prácticas y necesidades de los/las logopedas / Professional competencies for working with multilingual and multicultural populations in Spain: speech-language therapists' beliefs, practices and needs

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: El aumento del número de personas que precisan intervención logopédica bilingüe y multilingüe justifica que las actuales prácticas logopédicas sean revisadas. Los/as logopedas son éticamente responsables de proporcionar la mejor intervención posible, basada en la evidencia, a las familias con las que trabajan. Existe, por tanto, una clara demanda de logopedas competentes para atender a población de origen lingüístico y culturalmente diverso. El objetivo de este trabajo es documentar las creencias, necesidades y prácticas desarrolladas en España y profundizar en las competencias lingüísticas, culturales y profesionales desde la perspectiva de los/as logopedas. MÉTODO: A partir de trabajos previos en otros países, se diseña un cuestionario adaptado a la cultura y lengua española para estudiar la situación de la intervención logopédica multilingüe y multicultural. La muestra está conformada por 208 logopedas de todas las comunidades autónomas que trabajan con población diversa. RESULTADOS: El 84% de los encuestados/as declara hablar más de una lengua, pero solo el 56% se considera bilingüe. El 77% ha trabajado con personas multilingües. El 86% declara no haber recibido formación inicial con este enfoque. El 92% declara carecer de recursos para la evaluación logopédica en diferentes lenguas. Sin embargo, aparecen diferencias significativas en las prácticas y las creencias cuando se compara a los profesionales que se consideran bilingües con los monolingües. CONCLUSIONES: Este trabajo presenta resultados similares a estudios previos y sería un primer paso para el diseño de prácticas, políticas y recursos que mejoren las competencias profesionales y las prácticas

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The increase in the number of people who require bilingual and multilingual speech-language intervention justifies reviewing the current practices of Speech-Language Therapists (SLTs), who are ethically responsible for providing the best possible evidence-based intervention to the families with whom they work. There is, therefore, a clear need to competently serve populations with linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds. The goal of this work was to document the beliefs, needs and practices of SLTs in Spain, as well as to obtain a deeper understanding of linguistic, cultural and professional competencies from the perspective of SLTs. METHOD: Based on previous work in other countries, a questionnaire was designed to study multilingual and multicultural speech-language intervention in Spain. The sample consisted of 208 SLTs working with a diverse population across regions of Spain. RESULTS: Eighty-four percent of the survey respondents reported that they speak more than one language, but only 56% considered themselves bilingual; 77% reported having faced the challenge of working with multilingual people; 86% reported that they had not received training focused on this diversity and 92% reported that they lacked resources for conducting bilingual speech and language evaluations. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the beliefs and practices when bilingual and monolingual SLTs were compared. CONCLUSIONS: This work, with results similar to those of previous studies, provides a first step for designing methods, policies and resources to improve professional competencies and multilingual practices. Several challenges for SLTs facing this new social reality are discussed

Prácticas en logopedia infantil en entornos bilingües y multilingües. Recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia / Speech & Language therapy practices with children growing up in bilingual and multilingual environments. Evidence-based recommendations

Algunos niños y niñas que crecen en entornos con oportunidades de comunicación en varias lenguas pueden necesitar en algún momento de su desarrollo apoyo de profesionales de la logopedia/fonoaudiología. El Comité de Expertos en Multilingüismo y Multiculturalidad de la Asociación Española de Logopedia, Foniatría y Fonoaudiología, e Iberoamericana de Fonoaudiología ha consensuado una propuesta de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para las prácticas en logopedia con el fin de facilitar que los/as niños/as puedan ejercer el derecho a su identidad cultural y a emplear su propio idioma. Se parte de una concepción dinámica del bi/multilingüismo centrado en la persona y su entorno, considerando un enfoque transcultural, transdisciplinar y funcional, dirigido a fomentar las oportunidades de aprendizaje. Considerando los resultados de investigaciones actuales sobre el desarrollo lingüístico-comunicativo de los/las niños/as bi/multilingües con y sin trastornos del lenguaje, habla y comunicación, se plantean herramientas para el desarrollo de la evaluación y la intervención logopédica/fonoaudiológica desde una perspectiva lingüístico-funcional. Así, se incluyen propuestas para realizar la entrevista e instrumentos para la evaluación directa y/o indirecta. Todo ello mediante la valoración del entorno bilingüe y la evaluación translingüística y funcional, en estrecha colaboración con las familias, las escuelas y otros profesionales de apoyo, como intérpretes. Finalmente se plantea la necesidad de formación continua en competencias profesionales, como las de gestión emocional para el trabajo con personas en entornos de origen lingüístico y cultural diverso

Some children who grow up in environments in which there is the opportunity to learn more than one language may, at some point in their development, need the support of speech and language professionals. The present paper by the Expert Committee on Multilingualism and Multiculturalism of the Spanish and Ibero-American Association of Speech and Language Therapy (AELFA-IF) provides evidence-based recommendations for speech and language therapy practices that facilitate children's ability to exercise their right to their cultural identity and the use of their language(s) (United Nations, 1989). These recommendations are based on a dynamic conceptualization of bilingualism/multilingualism that is centred on the person and his or her environment, and use a cross-cultural, transdisciplinary and functional approach to providing learning opportunities for speech and language professionals. Based on the results of research on the linguistic-communicative development of bilingual/multilingual children with and without speech/language and communication disorders, tools for developing speech/language assessment methods and intervention from a functional-linguistic perspective are proposed. These include suggestions for conducting interviews and using direct and indirect evaluation instruments to assess the bilingual environment, as well as the use of cross-linguistic and functional evaluation methods, in close collaboration with families, schools and other support professionals, such as interpreters. Finally, the paper outlines the need for continuous training in professional competencies, such as interpersonal skills, needed for working with people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds

Logopedia en entornos bilingües desde un enfoque naturalista / Speech and language therapy in bilingual environments from a naturalistic approach

En los últimos años, en los que la logopedia ha evolucionado desde paradigmas más tradicionales a enfoques socioconstructivistas, se hace especialmente necesaria una revisión de la intervención logopédica con niños bilingües. El principal reto para la intervención logopédica en población bilingüe consiste en ofrecer una respuesta situada y significativa, tanto para el niño como para su familia en los diferentes entornos en los que se produce la interacción. Una primera cuestión que se plantea es cómo realizar la evaluación logopédica de una población bilingüe para determinar las competencias generales en las dos lenguas que utiliza. La literatura muestra que las pruebas estandarizadas diseñadas para niños monolingües no son totalmente válidas para poblaciones bilingües. Se recomienda, por tanto, una evaluación holística de las competencias de cada lengua realizada en un entorno natural de uso comunicativo. Otra cuestión importante es la elección adecuada de la lengua en la que se interviene. La tendencia actual en la intervención es recomendar un enfoque bilingüe, a pesar de que algunos profesionales siguen proponiendo y realizando abordajes monolingües, bien por no dominar la otra lengua, bien por no conocer en profundidad la evidencia actualizada. Este trabajo pretende, precisamente, facilitar al logopeda un acercamiento a los últimos estudios sobre intervención naturalista con entornos bilingües y la intervención centrada en la persona y su familia. Los resultados sugieren que la intervención centrada en la familia es un enfoque que permite empoderar a las familias para apoyar de manera significativa el desarrollo comunicativo de sus hijos

Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) has evolved from a traditional to a socio-constructivist approach over the last years. Consequently, it is now necessary to review the intervention with bilingual children. The main challenge for the SLT working with bilingual population is to offer a situated and meaningful response for both the children and their families in the different environments where interaction takes place. The first question to be solved is how to develop an evaluation of a bilingual population in order to determine the general competences in both languages. Literature shows that standardised tests designed for monolingual children are not valid for bilingual population. Therefore, it is recommended to use a holistic evaluation of each languagés competence carried out in a natural environment of communicative use. Another important issue is the choice of the language in which intervention is going to be developed. The current trend in SLT intervention is to recommend a bilingual approach; however, some professionals are still using monolingual approaches. There are several reasons for this approach: professionals may not have sufficient abilities in the other language or may not have read the latest publications in the field. This work tries, precisely, to facilitate the access to the latest works about naturalistic intervention in bilingual settings and to offer a framework in personal and family-centred intervention. Results suggest that family-centred intervention is an approach that allows to empowering families to significantly support their children's communicative development

Intervención en el lenguaje con niños bilingües y sus familias: una revisión / Language intervention with bilingual children and their families: a review

La atención clínica y educativa que se ofrece a niños bilingües es actualmente un reto para los profesionales. Es necesario investigar sobre la conceptualización del bilingüismo, su naturaleza y su relación con los diferentes entornos de aprendizaje. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar la literatura científica con el fin de explorar el papel del entorno familiar y las competencias del fonoaudiólogo/logopeda para garantizar una intervención fonoaudiológica/logopédica funcional en población bilingüe. Para ello, se ha estudiado la información más representativa disponible sobre el enfoque naturalista de intervención en multilingüismo. Así, se pretende reflexionar sobre los modelos de intervención que mejor se adecúan a las necesidades específicas de los niños bilingües y el papel que puede adoptar la familia para contribuir al desarrollo comunicativo de los niños en contacto con varias lenguas.En primer lugar, se ofrece una aclaración terminológica, así como una visión del marco naturalista de intervención. A continuación, se presentan la metodología y los resultados de la revisión efectuada para niños bilingües con diversidad funcional y alteraciones del lenguaje oral. Se incluyen también recomendaciones en relación a las competencias del fonoaudiólogo que trabaje con población bilingüe. Finalmente, se concluye con una propuesta de futuras líneas de investigación aplicada en este campo considerando los modelos naturalistas centrados en la familia para proponer su adaptación a las intervenciones realizadas con niños bilingües

The clinical and educative response required for bilingual children continues to be a challenge for professionals. It is necessary to research the conceptualization of bilingualism, its nature, and its relationship with different learning environments. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature to explore the role of the family environment and the speech & language therapist's (SLT) competence in guaranteeing a functional language intervention in the bilingual population. To this end, the most significant information available about multilingualism and the naturalistic intervention approach has been reviewed. With this evidence, the best models of bilingual intervention are presented, as well as a reflection on how families can contribute to improve the language development of children speaking different languages.In the first section, a terminological clarification of bilingualism is given, alongside the naturalistic frame of intervention, followed by research developed with bilingual children with functional diversity and oral language disorders. In that sense, recommendations about competence of the Speech and Language Therapist working with bilingual special needs children are also included. Finally, this paper provides a suggestion of future applied research in this field on naturalistic family-centered approaches used in language intervention with bilingual children

[Observing and measuring early development of grammar in Spanish children]. / Observar y medir el desarrollo gramatical temprano en español.

Observing and measuring early development of grammar in Spanish children. This study analyzes parental report data as a source of information about toddlers' grammatical development. It is a study of concurrent validity that compares parents' reports obtained with the European Spanish version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) with spontaneous speech measures from 35 children who took part in this study. An observational tool was developed to assess the level of grammatical development of children under 2;06. The relationship between the scores from the parental report, data from the observational tool, and the MLU (mean length of utterances) of the children's spontaneous speech were analyzed. Results show the parental report to be highly associated with the other language measures, but to differing degrees for the different measures. The implications of these differences are discussed.

Observar y medir el desarrollo gramatical temprano en español / Observing and measuring early development of grammar in Spanish children

Este estudio analiza si los datos procedentes de informes parentales son una fuente de información fiable sobre el desarrollo gramatical temprano. Se trata de un estudio de validez concurrente que compara la información aportada por los padres a través la versión española de los Inventarios MacArthur-Bates con medidas tomadas a partir del habla espontánea de los 35 niños participantes. Se elaboró un protocolo observacional para evaluar el nivel de desarrollo gramatical en niños menores de 2,06 años de edad. Se analizaron las relaciones entre las puntuaciones en los inventarios, los datos procedentes del protocolo observacional y la longitud media de las emisiones (LME) producidas espontáneamente por los niños. Los resultados muestran que los informes parentales sobre el desarrollo gramatical de los niños correlacionan bien con las otras dos medidas, aunque en diferente grado. Las implicaciones de estas diferencias son discutidas en relación al problema de la medida del lenguaje en las primeras fases del desarrollo gramatical (AU)

This study analyzes parental report data as a source of information about toddlers’ grammatical development. It is a study of concurrent validity that compares parents’ reports obtained with the European Spanish version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) with spontaneous speech measures from 35 children who took part in this study. An observational tool was developed to assess the level of grammatical development of children under 2;06. The relationship between the scores from the parental report, data from the observational tool, and the MLU (mean length of utterances) of the children’s spontaneous speech were analyzed. Results show the parental report to be highly associated with the other language measures, but to differing degrees for the different measures. The implications of these differences are discussed (AU)